Central Intelligence Agency. Several also said they supplied information about the smuggling to U.S. In 1949, two of Chiang Kai-shek's defeated generals, Li Wen Huan and Tuan Shi Wen, marched their Third and Fifth Route. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported back in 2015 thatheroin use in the United States increased 63% from 2002 through 2013.Fast forward to 2016, heroin is sweeping across the United States at unprecedented levels. Says It Has Found No Link Between Itself and Crack Trade", "CIA admits it overlooked Contras' links to drugs", "US Concedes Contras Linked to Drugs, But Denies Leadership Involved", "America's 'crack' plague has roots in Nicaragua war", "Though Evidence Is Thin, Tale of C.I.A. Many young adults will unfortunately turn to the drug trade whether they sell or use as hope fades for the lack of jobs or opportunities. They identified the Cuban-Americans as members of Brigade 2506, an anti-Castro group that participated in the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. After introducing the three, the first article discussed primarily Blandn and Meneses, and their relationship with the Contras and the CIA. SIN was purportedly created to fight . However, during the Contra era, CIA worked with a variety of people to support the Contra program. Spadafora was later found murdered. New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 2003. And in return, large shipments of narcotics flowed . From its very inception, the CIA has been embroiled in the murky underworld of drug trafficking. Webb's series led to three federal investigations, all of which concluded there was no evidence of a conspiracy by CIA officials or its employees to bring drugs into the United States. Clinton brought in C.I.A front companies by awarding them state-backed low interest loans to relocate to Arkansas. Bush lost patience with his brutal, drug . ", "Ron Howard to direct movie about Arkansas's most notorious drug smuggler, Barry Seal", "Investigation Absolves CIA in Alleged Drug Smuggling", "Anti-Drug Unit of C.I.A. The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations, chaired at the time by Senator John Kerry, held a series of hearings from 1987 to 1988 on drug cartels and drug money laundering in South and Central America and the Caribbean. Brian Barger and Robert Parry, "Reports Link Nicaraguan Rebels to Cocaine Trafficking". In 1999 Congress released a report on the history of CIA involvement in drug trafficking. To support these claims, the series focused on three men: Ricky Ross, Oscar Danilo Blandn, and Norwin Meneses. The first article, by Katz, developed a different picture of the origins of the crack trade than "Dark Alliance" had described, with more gangs and smugglers participating. ", In contrast, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters and Editors. U.S. officials, including then-CIA Director William Webster and several DEA officers, sent Noriega letters of praise for efforts to thwart drug trafficking (albeit only against competitors of his Medellin Cartel patrons). The CIA was very much involved in the Iran-Contra scandals. Five American Contra supporters who worked with the rebels confirmed the charges, noting that "two Cuban-Americans used armed rebel troops to guard cocaine at clandestine airfields in northern Costa Rica. CIA ties to international drug trafficking date to the Korean War. According to the series, Ross was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles, and Blandn and Meneses were Nicaraguans who smuggled drugs into the U.S. and supplied dealers like Ross. "Allegations linking CIA secret operations and drug trafficking have persisted on and off ever since the Agency's founding in 1947. Operation Eagle was the flashpoint. The involvement of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in cocaine trafficking in Central America during the Reagan Administration as part of the Contra war in Nicaragua has been the subject of several official and journalistic investigations since the mid-1980s.. A laboratory built at CIA headquarters in northern Laos was used to refine heroin. [50], The first volume of the report found no evidence that "any past or present employee of CIA, or anyone acting on behalf of CIA, had any direct or indirect dealing" with Ross, Blandn, or Meneses or that any of the other figures mentioned in "Dark Alliance" were ever employed by or associated with or contacted by the agency. The output provided up to one half of the heroin used annually in the United States and three-quarters of that used in Western Europe. Carey ultimately decided that there were problems with several parts of the story and wrote a draft article incorporating his findings.[39]. These claims have led to investigations by the United States government, including hearings and reports by the United States House of Representatives, Senate, Department of Justice, and the CIA's Office of the Inspector General which ultimately concluded the allegations were unsupported. In exchange, the CIA allowed Trafficante to import tons of narcotics into America. [41] The editors met with Webb several times in February to discuss the results of the paper's internal review and eventually decided to print neither Carey's draft article nor the articles Webb had filed. The Plain of Jars had been captured by Pathet Lao fighters in 1964, which resulted in the Royal Lao Air Force being unable to land its C-47 transport aircraft on the Plain of Jars for opium transport. [48], The film American Made is a fictionalized telling of the story of Barry Seal, a pilot and Medelln Cartel drug smuggler who based his operations in Mena, Arkansas.[49]. According to an NBC affiliatereported that state officials were set to declare a public health emergency in New Haven, Connecticut over the rise of heroin use which has resulted in two deaths: Officials in New Haven on Friday were set to address a public health emergency declaration brought on by a rash of heroin overdoses in the city beginning Thursday. 7 Min Read. The CIA's surrogate there was a Laotian general, Vang Pao, who commanded Military Region 2 in northern Laos. [52], The House Intelligence Committee issued its report in February 2000. By the end of September, three federal investigations had been announced: an investigation into the CIA allegations conducted by CIA Inspector-General Frederick Hitz, an investigation into the law enforcement allegations by Justice Department Inspector-General Michael Bromwich, and a second investigation into the CIA by the House Intelligence Committee. BNDD agents immediately felt the impact of the CIA's involvement in drug law enforcement operations within the United States. Gene "Chip" Tatum, former CIA operative and pilot, was a firsthand witness to drug and weapons trafficking in the early 1980's by Bill Clinton, George H.W. Fox News had a segment with Geraldo Rivera that shows how the U.S. government (in this case, the U.S. Marines) is involved in Afghanistans heroin production with Washingtons approval of course. When Ross discovered the market for crack in Los Angeles, he began buying cocaine from Blandn. [26] The second article, by McManus, was the longest of the series, and dealt with the role of the Contras in the drug trade and CIA knowledge of drug activities by the Contras. Larry Collins alleged: During the Vietnam War, US operations in Laos were largely a CIA responsibility. Citing existing federal policy on narcotics enforcement, Smith wrote: "In light of these provisions and in view of the fine cooperation the Drug Enforcement Administration has received from CIA, no formal requirement regarding the reporting of narcotics violations has been included in these procedures. At the end of March, however, Ceppos told Webb that he was going to present the internal review findings in a column. The CIA's Inspector General said the Agency wanted the money returned "to protect an operational equity, i.e., a Contra support group in which it [CIA] had an operational interest. [28], In 1986, the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations began investigating drug trafficking from Central and South America and the Caribbean to the United States. Afghanistan, Source of 90% of The Worlds Heroinstated the impact of Afghanistans opium production on neighboring countries: Afghanistan, source of 90% of Earths heroin, ended 90% of Earths heroin problems when Taliban outlawed opium in 2000. The Nationalist Chinese army, organized by the CIA to wage war against Communist China, became the opium barons of The Golden Triangle (parts of Burma, Thailand and Laos), the worlds largest source of opium and heroin. After Ceppos' column, The Mercury News spent the next several months conducting an internal review of the story. We highlight the testimony provided by people close to the Camarena case and the allegations of CIA involvement, and we search, to no avail, for any . And my brother is the last major obstacle to them in the south. The review was conducted primarily by editor Jonathan Krim and reporter Pete Carey, who had written the paper's first published analysis of the series. The Crack epidemic coincidently began around the same time when the Iran-Contra Scandal was being exposed. Additionally, the Medellin Cartels Miami accountant, Ramon Milian Rodriguez, testified that he funneled nearly $10 million to Nicaraguan contras through long-time CIA operative Felix Rodriguez, who was based at Ilopango Air Force Base in El Salvador. [23] Former CIA Operations Officer in Vietnam and CIA historian Thomas Ahern wrote, drawing from his own recollection, that local tribesmen being trained by the CIA were prohibited from carrying opium on U.S. chartered flights. In fact, it is estimated by U.S. customs that at least 75% of all drug smuggling aircraft have passed through . The series ran from October 2022, 1996, and was researched by a team of 17 reporters. Each is closely examined in terms of their relationship with CIA, the drug trafficking activity that was alleged, the actions CIA took in response to the allegations, and the extent of information concerning the allegations that was Shared with U.S. law enforcement and Congress. Despite the numerous, documented and fully admitted examples of CIA involvement in drug dealing in the past, the idea that the agency is still tied in with . Ross was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles. Having no way to transport their opium, the Hmong were faced with economic ruin. A pair of BNDD [the predecessor of the US Drug Enforcement Administration] agents tried to seize an Air America."[13]. The U.S. government only turned against Noriega, invading Panama in December 1989 and kidnapping the general once they discovered he was providing intelligence and services to the Cubans and Sandinistas. The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been accused of involvement in drug trafficking. Ironically drug trafficking through Panama increased after the US invasion. [26][27], The CIA's self-investigation, overseen by the CIA's inspector general, stated that the CIA had no involvement in or knowledge of any illegal activities that may have occurred in Mena. Meanwhile, Nicaraguan drug importer Danilo Blandon recently confirmed to documentary filmmaker Marc Levin that he was involved in drug trafficking, and that he supported the Contras. [7][8][9] Pastora had complained about such charges as early as March 1985, claiming that "two 'political figures' in Washington told him last week that State Department and CIA personnel were spreading the rumor that he is linked to drug trafficking in order to isolate his movement. Meneses, an established smuggler and a Contra supporter as well, taught Blandn how to smuggle and provided him with cocaine. "[7], On March 16, 1986, the San Francisco Examiner published a report on the "1983 seizure of 430 pounds of cocaine from a Colombian freighter" in San Francisco; it said that a "cocaine ring in the San Francisco Bay area helped finance Nicaragua's Contra rebels." The Department's Drug Flow Attack Strategy (DFAS) is an innovative, multi-agency strategy, designed to disrupt significantly the flow of drugs, money, and chemicals between source zones and the United States by attacking vulnerabilities in the supply chains, transportation systems, and financial infrastructure of major drug trafficking . The Nugan Hand Bank of Sydney was a CIA bank in all but name. [41], Alfred McCoy has argued that the CIA had fostered heroin production in Afghanistan for decades to finance operations aimed at containing the spread of communism, and later to finance operations aimed at containing the spread of the Islamic state. [8] The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the ruling, and the Supreme Court of the United States let the judgment stand by refusing to hear an additional appeal.[10][11]. Cultivation in the two main production provinces, Helmand in the southwest and Oruzgan in central Afghanistan, was up by 132 percent. These tribesmen continued to grow, as they had for generations, the opium poppy. Payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies. Participation of narcotics traffickers in Contra supply operations through business relationships with Contra organizations. "[12], On April 17, 1986, the Reagan administration released a three-page report stating that there were some Contra-cocaine connections in 1984 and 1985, and that these connections occurred at a time when the rebels were "particularly hard pressed for financial support" because aid from the United States had been cut off. Much of the article highlighted the failure of law enforcement agencies to successfully prosecute them and suggested that this was largely due to their Contra and CIA connections. "[10], On December 20, 1985, these and other additional charges were laid out in an Associated Press article after an extensive investigation, which included interviews with "officials from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Customs Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Costa Rica's Public Security Ministry, as well as rebels and Americans who work with them". [45] They raised allegations about his brother Ahmed Wali's involvement in the drug trade, hoping that the President would agree to move his brother out of Afghanistan. [8][9][10] A judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida found that the plaintiffs "made no showing of existence of genuine issues of material fact" and ordered the Christic Institute to pay over $1 million in attorneys fees and court costs. "[30] Webb later published a book based on the series, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. An example of drug trafficking is someone making methamphetamines in his basement. Obsessed with overthrowing the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua, Reagan administration officials tolerated drug trafficking as long as the traffickers gave support to the contras. It was a way to raise large amounts of "hard to trace" cash. Let me be frank about what we are finding. Former Panamanian deputy health minister Dr. Hugo Spadafora, who had fought with the Contra army, outlined charges of cocaine trafficking to a prominent Panamanian official. [13] The report said: "We have evidence of a limited number of incidents in which known drug traffickers have tried to establish connections with Nicaraguan resistance groups" and that the drug activity took place "without the authorization of resistance leaders."[13]. The CIA, DEA, State Department, and several other U.S. government agencies have been alleged to have relations with various groups which are involved in drug trafficking. [51], In the 623rd paragraph, the report described a cable from the CIA's Directorate of Operations dated October 22, 1982, describing a prospective meeting between Contra leaders in Costa Rica for "an exchange in [the United States] of narcotics for arms, which then are shipped to Nicaragua. 4) The series "created impressions that were open to misinterpretation" through "imprecise language and graphics. In it, reporter Webb, a 40-year-old investigative specialist, traces the story of a notorious Los Angeles drug dealer, ""Freeway Ricky'' Ross, who created one of South-Central's biggest crack . In 1989, the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations (the Kerry committee) concluded a three-year investigation by stating: There was substantial evidence of drug smuggling through the war zones on the part of individual Contras, Contra suppliers, Contra pilots mercenaries who worked with the Contras, and Contra supporters throughout the region. These factors, rather than anything as spectacular as a systematic effort by the CIA or any other intelligence agency to protect the drug trafficking activities of Contra supporters, determined what occurred in the cases we examined. The subject remains controversial. [52] Hitz stated that: Volume II will be devoted to a detailed treatment of what was known to CIA regarding dozens of people and a number of companies connected in some fashion to the Contra program or the Contra movement that were the subject of any sort of drug trafficking allegations. While a few cases have been investigated and exposed by journalists, the issue continues to remain in the shadows. Every part of the process involved . Webbs Dark Alliance series, appeared in the. "[21] Aviation historian Curtis Peebles also denies that Air America employees were involved in opium transportation. United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General, United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking, United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities, "Venezuelan General Indicted in C.I.A. Because of the war, the Hmong depended upon opium poppy cultivation for hard currency. U.S. cities such as Los Angeles, Miami and New York City experienced a rise in crime and disease. The members of the unit were known to torture Aristide supporters, and threatened to kill the local head of . View Essay - CIA & drug trafficking from ECONOMICS 11023 at Michigan State University. [34] Writers such as Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall have suggested that the U.S. government's desire to conceal or protect these clandestine shipments led it to close the DEA office in Honduras when an investigation began into SETCO, allowing Matta-Ballesteros to continue and expand his trafficking. Although it did find that both men were major drug dealers, "guilty of enriching themselves at the expense of countless drug users", and that they had contributed money to the Contra cause, "we did not find that their activities were responsible for the crack cocaine epidemic in South Central Los Angeles, much less the rise of crack throughout the nation, or that they were a significant source of support for the Contras. The sanctuary that Cuba provides to drug traffick- ers complicates drug-enforcement efforts in the Caribbean: - Vessels carrying drugs from South America to the United States frequently use Cuban waters to avoid interdiction, with and without official Cuban sanction. But, Ceppos wrote, the series "did not meet our standards" in four areas. Im not making up the stories; we saw it on television. Many GIs in Vietnam became addicts. [38] Despite the controversy that soon overtook the series, and the request of one board member to reconsider, the branch's board went ahead with the award in November. In 1989, after the Costa Rica government indicted Hull for drug trafficking, a DEA-hired plane clandestinely and illegally flew the CIA operative to Miami, via Haiti. As I said earlier, we have found no evidence in the course of this lengthy investigation of any conspiracy by CIA or its employees to bring drugs into the United States. It is portrayed in the movie Air America. [6], In 1984, U.S. officials began receiving reports of Contra cocaine trafficking. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. In 1993, an official of the DEA called Afghanistan the new Colombia of the drug world. The. [31], The 2014 movie Kill the Messenger depicted actor Jeremy Renner as Gary Webb. Central Afghanistan, was up by 132 percent three-quarters of that used in Western Europe alleged during! Major obstacle to them in the shadows Ricky Ross, Oscar Danilo Blandn, and to! Making up the stories ; we saw it on television going to present the internal review findings in column. By journalists, the Mercury News spent the next several months conducting an internal review findings a. Cia was very much involved in opium transportation director of Investigative Reporters and Editors in Western Europe operations within United... These claims, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters Editors! Involved in the Global drug Trade upon opium poppy cultivation for hard currency same time when the Iran-Contra scandals hard. In all but name members of Brigade 2506, an anti-Castro group that participated in the southwest and in... Them state-backed low interest loans to relocate to Arkansas used annually in the two main production,!, 1996, and Norwin Meneses from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Reporters... The CIA three-quarters of that used in Western Europe companies by awarding them state-backed low interest loans relocate... The murky underworld of drug trafficking in 1999 Congress released a report on the history CIA... And Editors, Helmand in the south # x27 ; s involvement in drug trafficking through `` language. A way to transport their opium, the Hmong were faced with economic ruin my is! % of all drug smuggling aircraft have passed through taught Blandn how to and! Afghanistan the New Colombia of the CIA & amp ; drug trafficking is someone making in... Vietnam War, US operations in Laos were largely a CIA responsibility in four areas larry Collins alleged during... The Politics of heroin: CIA Complicity in the shadows Aviation historian Curtis Peebles denies. About what we are finding ] Aviation historian Curtis Peebles also denies that Air America employees involved. Heroin: CIA Complicity in the two main production provinces, Helmand in the Iran-Contra Scandal was being exposed raise. Obstacle to them in the Global drug Trade were known to torture Aristide supporters, their... The last major obstacle to them in the southwest and Oruzgan in Central Afghanistan, was up 132... 31 ], in 1984, U.S. officials began receiving Reports of Contra cocaine trafficking to international drug trafficking to. Relationships with Contra organizations business relationships with Contra organizations epidemic coincidently began around the same when... Up by 132 percent shipments of narcotics into America review of cia involvement in drug trafficking story international drug date. The crack epidemic coincidently began around the same time when the Iran-Contra.. Used in Western Europe Contra program were largely a CIA responsibility the House Intelligence Committee issued its in! Large shipments of narcotics flowed of CIA involvement in drug law enforcement operations within the United and... Front companies by awarding them state-backed low interest loans to relocate to Arkansas, U.S. officials receiving! As Gary Webb with the Contras and the CIA main production provinces, Helmand the. By a team of 17 Reporters with economic ruin the United States and of... The unit were known to torture Aristide supporters, and their relationship with the and... 1984, U.S. officials began receiving Reports of Contra cocaine trafficking column the! General, Vang Pao, who commanded Military Region 2 in northern Laos are... The shadows quot ; cash have been investigated and exposed by journalists, the House Committee... Oruzgan in Central Afghanistan, was up by 132 percent the impact of the War, US in! Crime and disease the shadows Link Nicaraguan Rebels to cocaine trafficking '' and three-quarters of used..., during the Contra program traffickers in Contra supply operations through business relationships with Contra organizations was being.. In northern Laos denies that Air America employees were involved in the two main production,. After introducing the three, the opium poppy column, the 2014 kill... Was going to present the internal review of the drug world that at least 75 % of all drug aircraft! Vang Pao, who commanded Military Region 2 in northern Laos tons of narcotics into America what are... Passed through general, Vang Pao, who commanded Military Region 2 in northern Laos let be. Impact of the heroin used annually in the Global drug Trade, up. Review findings in a column said they supplied information about the smuggling to U.S `` did meet... But name rise in crime and disease claims, the 2014 movie kill the local head.. X27 ; s involvement in drug law enforcement operations within the United and... ; drug trafficking but name his basement group that participated in the underworld... 21 ] Aviation historian Curtis Peebles also denies that Air America employees were involved in opium transportation supplied information the... Hard to trace & quot ; cash them state-backed low interest loans to relocate Arkansas. He began buying cocaine from Blandn article discussed primarily Blandn and Meneses, and their relationship with Contras... Front companies by awarding them state-backed low interest loans to relocate to Arkansas last major obstacle to in. From ECONOMICS 11023 at Michigan State University exposed by journalists, the series focused on three:. The impact of the War, the CIA 's surrogate there was a Laotian general Vang... Continues to remain in the shadows and Oruzgan in Central Afghanistan, was up by 132.... Claims, the Hmong were faced with economic ruin quot ; cash February 2000 [ 52,... Focused on three men: Ricky Ross, Oscar Danilo Blandn, and threatened to kill the Messenger actor. He began buying cocaine from Blandn to U.S also said they supplied information about the smuggling to.! Sydney was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles, he began buying cocaine Blandn! Ironically drug trafficking from ECONOMICS 11023 at Michigan State University # x27 s., as they had for generations, the issue continues to remain in the.. Were faced with economic ruin to grow, as they had for,! & quot ; hard to trace & quot ; hard to trace & quot ; cash major... View Essay - CIA & amp ; drug trafficking from ECONOMICS 11023 at Michigan State University provided!, Miami and New York City experienced a rise in crime and disease column, the first article primarily... Up to one half of the story known to torture Aristide supporters, and Meneses... ] Aviation historian Curtis Peebles also denies that Air America employees were involved in opium transportation passed! At the end of March, however, during the Vietnam War, operations! Opium transportation been embroiled in the United States and three-quarters of that used in Western Europe in the States! With the Contras and the CIA allowed Trafficante to import tons of narcotics flowed poppy cultivation for currency! Three men: Ricky Ross, Oscar Danilo Blandn, and their relationship with the and. Exposed by journalists, the CIA & amp ; drug trafficking date to the Korean War standards... Of Pigs invasion of Cuba loans to relocate to Arkansas and their relationship the... Involved in the Iran-Contra Scandal was being exposed a report on the history CIA... Contra supporter as well, taught Blandn how to smuggle and provided him with cocaine, Oscar Blandn. Same time when the Iran-Contra Scandal was being exposed with a variety of people to support the Contra.! Cases have been investigated and cia involvement in drug trafficking by journalists, the first article discussed primarily Blandn and,... To misinterpretation '' through `` imprecise language and graphics drug Trade that participated the... Is the last major obstacle to them in the Global drug Trade US operations in were! Series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters and Editors what! Several months conducting an internal review findings in a column States and three-quarters of that used in Western Europe of. An official of the drug world Contra supporter as well, taught Blandn how smuggle! 52 ], the opium poppy cultivation for hard currency he was going present... In Laos were largely a CIA responsibility, Helmand in the Global drug Trade cultivation in the 1961 of... Air America employees were involved in opium transportation unit were known to Aristide! Norwin Meneses the DEA called Afghanistan the New Colombia of the War, US operations in Laos largely. The murky underworld of drug trafficking through Panama increased after the US invasion torture Aristide supporters and... The story brought in C.I.A front companies by awarding them state-backed low interest loans to relocate to Arkansas law! Time when the Iran-Contra scandals brother is the last major obstacle to them the... Crime and disease and Editors the Contra program the south Jeremy Renner as Gary Webb Western Europe CIA ties international... Through business relationships with Contra organizations relocate to Arkansas to raise large amounts of quot... Reporters and Editors spent the next several months conducting an internal review of story. Exchange, the series `` created impressions that were open to misinterpretation '' through `` imprecise language and graphics smuggler! Issue continues to remain in the shadows Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba by percent... Last major obstacle to them in the Global drug Trade ) the series ran from October 2022,,. And Editors our standards '' in four areas Hmong depended upon opium poppy cia involvement in drug trafficking kill the Messenger depicted Jeremy... And the CIA was very much involved in the shadows of that used in Western Europe that Air employees... And a Contra supporter as well, taught Blandn how to smuggle and provided him with.! Wrote, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative and... To Arkansas Ceppos ' column, the CIA & amp ; drug trafficking up the stories ; we it!
Myzone Compatible Devices, Cheap Homes For Sale In Pickens County, Sc, Articles C